Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2016 > Proceedings  Indexed by: 

Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2016

 

Pages 1-215 (March 2016)

Centre for Advanced Research on Energy

 

ISBN: 978-967-0257-70-9 (online)

 

This e-book is a compilation of papers presented at the Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2016 (MERD'16) - Melaka, Malaysia on 31 March 2016.

Theme 1: Automotive   |   Theme 2: Computer Modelling and Simulation   |   Theme 3: Design and Optimization

Theme 4: Energy Conversion and Management    |   Theme 5: Structure and Materials

Theme 6: Thermal and Fluids   |   Theme 7: ​Vibration and Control

 

Front Cover

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Preface

Pages i-ii

PDF (263 KB)

Editorial Board

Pages iii

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Reviewers

Pages iv

PDF (155 KB)

Table of Contents

Pages v-xii

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Theme 1: Automotive
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01 

The effect of temperatures and extraction time on bio oil extracted from banana peel wastes.
Pages 1-2
H.A. Hamid, N.A.B. Masripan, M.F.B. Abdollah, R. Hasan, G. Omar
PDF (420 KB)

Abstract
Bio oil extracted from various part of edible and non-edible plants offer several potential applications such as a biodegradable lubricant.  In this study, banana peels which known as waste and often ignored was subjected to solven extraction via soxhlet method.  Moreover, the extraction of oil from banana peels wastes of Musa aluminata balbisiana (MBS) was performed and optimized.  The effects of temperatures and extraction time were investigated in order to optimize the extraction conditions for achieving maximum oil obtained.  The optimum conditions using n-hexane as a solvent of extractor was found at the temperatures of 68°C and 7 hours of reaction times whereby the extraction recovery was 62.42% with 3.6 mL of oil obtained.

   

02

Field test of regenerative suspension system on an actual vehicle.
Pages 3-4
J.F. Jamil, M.A. Abdullah, A.E. Mohan
PDF (213 KB)

Abstract
The technology of hybrid and electric vehicle are rapidly developed in the past few years because the main resource of vehicle energy is not renewable which is known as fossil fuel. It will be depleted in the future. This research emphasizes the test of the energy regenerative suspension system (EReSS) that uses as the alternative energy resource for the vehicle. It can be used on the vehicle as it can produce voltage output for charging the vehicle battery or other electronic components. The EReSS is attached to the stock vehicle suspension system and the test is done on a road with low traffic situation with various conditions. The voltage produced by the EReSS is maximized by optimizing the resistor in the circuit of half bridge which converts the alternate current (AC) to direct current (DC). The maximum voltage produced by the EReSS during the test is recorded and discussed.

   

03

The improvement and laboratory testing of regenerative suspension system.
Pages 5-6
A.E. Mohan, M.A. Abdullah, J.F. Jamil
PDF (220 KB)

Abstract
This study reports on the investigation of the stress conditions of the U-bend 316L stainless steel through the cold mechanical process, starting with cold rolling of 0 up to 50% reduction in thickness and then, bending. The stress conditions; such as applied and residual stresses of the U-bend steel were obtained experimentally from the bending stress-strain curves and resulted curvature. It was found that the applied and residual stress has a higher value in the steel with a 30% cold reduction, which was about 257 MPa and 240 MPa, respectively.  

   

04

Performance of compressed natural gas (CNG) engine with pre chamber.
Pages 7-8
M.S. Ali, M.T. Musthafah, A.M. Mohd Shafei, A.M.T. Khairil,
N.F.M. Nor, R.A. Bakar
PDF (390 KB)

Abstract
Pre chamber is use to extend lean limit of mixture and improve combustion efficiency. Pre chamber used in this study was pre chamber without auxiliary fuel. Then, this pre chamber was applied to single cylinder compressed natural gas engine. The effects of pre chamber on CNG performance are increase in power and torque starting at engine speed 3000 rpm. However, disadvantage by the pre chamber had been discovered on the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). It caused the BSFC by CNG was higher than a CNG without pre chamber.

   

05

Validation of automotive passive engine mount system.
Pages 9-10
M. Hafiz Harun, M.Z. Sariman, A.K. Mat Yamin, R. Yunos, M.A. Azhari, F. Ahmad
PDF (495 KB)

Abstract
Engine mount has been designed to improve the engine vibration by providing unwanted vibration isolation from engine to the driver. There are three types of engine mount systems which consist of passive, semi-active and active engine mount system. This study emphasizes on the validation of mathematical equation derived from Newton Second Law of Motion with real time experiment. The engine mount characteristic generated using a 3-degree of freedom (DOF) mathematical modelling simulated in Matlab Simulink software. Finally, the mathematical model was verified by using experimental approach. The result from the experiment and simulation shows that the model is enables to generate the similar response as in the experimental result.

   

06

Optimization of friction coefficient of kenaf/epoxy composites as an alternative friction material using Taguchi method.
Pages 11-12
A. Mustafa, M.F.B. Abdollah, H. Amiruddin, F.F. Shuhimi, N.A.M. Tahir, N. Muhammad, S.E. Mat Kamal, N. Ismail
PDF (573 KB)

Abstract
This paper introduces the application of Taguchi optimization methodology in optimizing the design factors for obtaining high friction coefficient of kenaf/epoxy composites under dry sliding condition. An orthogonal array of the Taguchi method was set-up and used to analyse the effect of the design parameters on the friction coefficient. Tribological testing was conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer. For the highest friction coefficient, 45wt.% non-treated kenaf fiber sliding at 19.62N, 500rpm and 100oC is found to be the optimized combination of levels of all the six control factors. The confirmation test proves that the optimized friction coefficient is within the range of friction coefficient of conventional friction material.

   

07

Application of waste chicken fat in base catalyzed (potassium hydroxide) biodiesel production.
Pages 13-14
N.H. Razak, M.I.A.K.M. Safari, H.A. Merican, F. Ghafar, N.I. Zulkafli
PDF (562 KB)

Abstract
The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of temperature, catalyst ratio and methanol ratio on biodiesel yield from waste chicken fat. The optimum yield were 95.4% with 0.006 w/w catalyst and 0.3 w/w alcohol at 50°C. The product density was 873.4 kg/m3, the iodine value, 117 g I/100g and the acid value, 0.561 mg KOH/g. The compositions of fatty acids were 0.22% of methyl laurate, 19.98% of methyl palmitate, 41.08% of methyl stearate and 0.17% of methyl linoleate.  Consequently, the biodiesel obtained under these conditions had characteristics very similar to those described in the ASTM standards.

   

08

Brake insulator analysis in reducing internal brake squeal noise .
Pages 15-16
M.A. Abdullah, A.R. Efariani
PDF (325 KB)

Abstract
Brake functions when two different materials are in contact to reduce a motion. Due to surface irregularity, this contact at high revolution and contact force produce irritating noise called brake squeal noise. This paper presents the study of introducing brake insulator into the brake assembly in order to reduce the noise. Different configurations of insulators are used in the Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The squeal is shown by positive real part of the baseline graph. The accompanied slip rate in the baseline model of the insulator increases the brake squeal noise significantly.

   

09

Influence of tire stiffness and sprung mass on ride quality.
Pages 17-18
A. Md Saad, M.A. Salim, M.H. Harun, M.R. Mansor, M.Z. Akop, M.T. Musthafah
PDF (610 KB)

Abstract
Automobile ride quality is a vehicle characteristic of great importance. It is a factor that consumer is very sensitive to, and which can have a profound influence on passenger comfort. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of tire stiffness and sprung mass on ride quality. Numerical simulation is used by representing ideal physical of vehicle quarter car model into Bond Graph. By lowering tire stiffness, it reduces the worst frequency response due to external force but the natural frequency of the system remains the same. However, by increasing the sprung mass, it reduces the natural frequency of the system but the worst frequency due to external forces is comparably same.

   

10

Driving behaviour analysis of young vehicle drivers.
Pages 19-20
M.A. Abdullah, M.A.H. Abdul Rahim
PDF (255 KB)

Abstract
Different driver carries different driving behaviour and style. The most dangerous behaviour is the aggressive behavior, normally for young drivers. This behaviour can cause danger to the driver and other people. The driving behaviour can be detected from the way they control the vehicle during cornering, through uneven road and during accelerating and decelerating. How they handle the vehicle can be seen from the values of roll, pitch and yaw moments and x, y, z accelerations. The driving behaviour can be identified and classified according to the data collected. Usually at a higher value of moments and accelerations, the vehicle was controlled by the driver with quite aggressive driving style. In this paper, a number of young vehicle drivers are selected to perform driving test. From the test data, they will be classified based on the range of values.

11

Effect of hydrogen injection on diesel engine performance intake: Preliminary result.
Pages 21-22
M.N.M. Norani, B.T. Tee, M.Z. Zulfattah, M.N.A. Saadun, A. Hussain, M.N. Mansor
PDF (284 KB)

Abstract
In automotive industry, diesel engine  knows as a compression ignition engine plus was a better performance compared to gasoline engines. However, it contributes to environmental problem by causing global emission. In order to reduce the emission, hydrogen injection has been introduced on diesel performance intake. Thus, this research was about analyzed the effect of hydrogen gas inside the intake of a single cylinder diesel engine. Two conditions with and without hydrogen will be analyzed by comparing the diesel fuel consumption on different rotational speed of the crankshaft. Based on the preliminary result, hydrogen injection to the diesel engine can saved the fuel up to 16.82% from 200RPM until 2000RPM.

   

12

Influence of transient response on suspension damping.

Pages 23-24
A. Md Saad, M.A. Salim, M.H. Harun, M.R. Mansor, M.Z. Akop, M.T. Musthafah
PDF (590 KB)

Abstract
Suspension system is one the most important components that affects overall performance of a vehicle. Determination of proper suspension damping is crucial to improve ride quality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of transient response on suspension damping. Numerical simulation is used by representing ideal physical of vehicle quarter car model into Bond Graph. By lowering suspension damping, it reduces magnitude of rapid acceleration of the vehicle when it hits a bump. But, it takes longer time for the response to die out. However, by increasing the suspension damping, it increases magnitude of rapid acceleration significantly.

13

Experimental Investigation of engine performance and emission for biodiesel at various storage conditions.

Pages 25-26

N. Tamaldin, A.S. Mohamad, Y. Humairak , M.H.M. Husin, M.F.B. Abdollah
PDF (153 KB)

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the engine performance of high blending biodiesel. Biodiesel palm oil will be used as the main blending material. The types of biodiesel for this study are B7x, B8x and B9x. All biodiesel were blended and stored at three different storage conditions. Based on the best properties, one type of biodiesel is chosen to be tested to get the engine performance. Results, performance by using biodiesel B7x is slightly decreasing about 2-8% less of engine horse power and 4-10% less in torque. Biodiesel B7x can perform satisfactorily during diesel engine.

   

14

Effect of storage duration on the fuel properties of different biodiesel blends.

Pages 27-28
N. Tamaldin, F. Harun, Y. Humairak, M.H.M. Husin, M.F.B. Abdollah
PDF (291 KB)

Abstract
In this paper, the impacts of biodiesel properties are identified according to the storage condition and weight percentage of the fuel in a period of time. The samples used are standard diesel (STD), B7x, B8x and B9x were stored for 5 weeks. There are three fuel properties being tested which are flash point, density and water content. All experiment carried out are according to respective ASTM standard. The properties changes of biodiesel were not significant throughout five weeks’ time due to the short time of storage except for water content.

   

15

The effect of increasing current to temperature of alternator.

Pages 29-30
R.K. Mazlan, R.M. Dan, M.Z. Zulfattah, A.H.A. Hamid
PDF (288 KB)

Abstract
Alternator is a major component in the charging system. Alternator act as main power source, providing current to power the electrical component in a vehicle. As more power demand, the more current is produced, and the more heat is generated. This heat has contributed an increase of under hood ambient temperature. An experiment has been done to investigate how the current and heat relate to each other. The car used is Proton Preve 1.6L Manual. The alternator has a rating of 12V/90A. The result shows that temperature.

   

16

Experimental study of noise level for car engines.

Pages 31-32
M.R. Rizainal, M.A. Salim, A. Md Saad, M.R. Mansor, M.Z. Akop, M.T. Musthafah, I.R.A. Rosszainily

PDF (281 KB)

Abstract
In all driving conditions, engine will continuously generate unwanted noise and vibration. Excessive noise may cause discomfort to the driver and passengers. The purpose of this study is to investigate engine noise in two different engine operating conditions; engine loading and unloading. Simple approach is used to examine the noise level which is by using sound intensity probe that is integrated to a software. Test has been carried at different engine speed for both engine operating conditions; loading and unloading. Results show that noise level is higher when engine in loading condition.

   
Theme 2: Computer Modelling and Simulation
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17

Influence of halo and source/drain implant variations on the drive current in p-channel vertical double gate MOSFET.

Pages 33-34
K.E. Kaharudin, F. Salehuddin, A.S.M. Zain, M.N.I A. Aziz
PDF (381 KB)

Abstract
This paper describes an investigation on the influence of process parameters such as Halo and Source/Drain (S/D) implantation on drive current (ION) in p-channel vertical DG-MOSFET device was done by utilizing L9 orthogonal array Taguchi method. The level of significance for each process parameters on ION were determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The virtual fabrication and electrical characterization of the device were performed by using a process simulator (ATHENA) and a device simulator (ATLAS) respectively. This procedure was followed by Taguchi modeling to aid in optimizing the process parameters variation towards ION. Based on the final results, the most dominant factor that affecting ION value was found to be S/D implant energy with 99% of factor effects on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Meanwhile, the highest possible ION value was found to be 323.2 mA/µm.  

18

Comparison of flow analysis between flat and ring plastic parts using moldflow software.

Pages 35-36

Mohd Amran Md Ali, Mohd Faizal Khalik, Mariam Md Ghazaly, Zulkeflee Abdullah
PDF (224 KB)

Abstract
The flat and ring plastic part were designed using Solidwoks software to produce solid parts. Then the solid parts were imported in Autodesk Moldflow Insight (AMI) to analyze warpage deflection, fill time and weldline for both parts. Simulation result shows that the deflection for the flat plastic part is higher than the ring plastic part by 0.1466mm due to the bigger of volume and contact surface area for the flat plastic part. Meanwhile, fill time shows that the ring plastic part is longer 0.0458s then the flat plastic part due to the reduction of flow area. Finally, ring plastic part obviously shows weldline mark at flow front area however no weldline is observed at flat plastic part surface.

   

19

Study of thinning effect from deep drawing process on crash analysis.

Pages 37-38

R.M. Amman, M.F. Halim, D. Sivakumar, I. Abu-Shah, M.S. Sulaiman, H. Samekto

PDF (310 KB)

Abstract
This study presents the effect of thinning on crash analysis results of a circular cup shape formed from deep drawing process. Forming and crash simulation of a circular cup was performed using Explicit Radioss code simulation solver. Circular cup shape formed from deep drawing with and without thickness effect was used to conduct explicit dynamic crash simulation. The effect of material thickness change from stamping process was studied. It was found that thinning effect from stamping causes the structural part to have a weaker crash response.

   

20

Design, simulation and analysis of disc rotor using anycasting software.

Pages 39-40

N.F.B.W. Anuar, N. Jani, M.R.M. Kamal

PDF (455 KB)

Abstract
This project describes about the design and simulation of disc rotor in sand casting by using AnyCasting software. The analysis of this study is filling time, solidification time and defects on the three mold designs. The selected design in this study is design 2 referring the present defect that happened on the riser part. The filling time for design 2 is 7.6648 seconds and solidification time is 1452.6 seconds.

   

21

Linear and nonlinear dynamic model of a gantry crane system.

Pages 41-42

H.I. Jaafar, Z. Mohamed, M.A. Ahmad, R. Ghazali, A.M. Kassim

PDF (595 KB)

Abstract
This paper investigates linear and nonlinear dynamic models for a Gantry Crane System (GCS). The system is a Single Input Multi Output (SIMO) system which a trolley displacement and payload oscillation as the outputs. The GCS is modeled by using the Lagrange Equation and both system responses are observed and analysed. The fundamental differences between the linear and nonlinear equations are presented. This analysis is beneficial for the development of efficient controllers for a GCS.

22

Finite Element Modelling of microscale and macroscale on deformation of composite material.

Pages 43-45

Ab Ghani Ahmad Fuad, Reduan Mat Dan, M.I. Shariff, Tan Joon Tak

PDF (432 KB)

Abstract
Performance prediction is an important aspect in confirming the correct design specification of composite materials. Finite Element Modelling (FEM) approach enables to calculate stress and strain components of a structure for more realistic strength predictions. In this study numerical simulation is perform using FEM method to simulate composite materials through tensile test at micro and macro level. The geometric for tensile test were according to ASTM D3039 for GFRP and CFRP.  Micromodelling of composites were simulated based on theory of Representative Volume Element (RVE). It is found that RVE able to predict deformation and mechanical properties extraction of composite in unidirectional.

   

23

Performance analysis of neural network models for sustainable manufacturing practices (SMP) and economy performances.

Pages 46-47

N.H. Abu, A.S.M. Jaya, M.R. Muhamad

PDF (252 KB)

Abstract
This study presents a development of neural network model based on the single hidden layer with 10, 12 and 15 neurons in the hidden layer. 150 data of sustainable manufacturing practices (SMP) were divided into 70% for training (104 data), 15% for validation (23 data) and 15% for testing (23 data). Two performance measures are used to validate the model which is mean square error (MSE) and R valued. It shows that neural network model with 10 neurons in hidden layer give better performance and can be used to predict the target output of sustainability performance.

   
Theme 3: Design and Optimization
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24

Multiobjective optimization of injection moulding process parameters using Grey Fuzzy method.

Pages 48-49
Mohd Amran Md Ali, Noorfa Idayu Mohd Ali, Mariam Md Ghazaly, Zulkeflee Abdullah, Suhaila Yacob
PDF (459 KB)

Abstract
Grey fuzzy method is used to find the multiobjective optimization of injection moulding process parameters. Various responses results are calculated by GRA for getting grey relational coefficients. Then values are used as input in MATLAB software by using FIS. It is found that optimum parameters for deflection, volumetric shrinkage, and residual stress are mould temperature at level 1, melt temperature at level 3, injection time at level 1 and cooling time at level 1. 

   

25

Force optimization of the permanent magnet switching flux (PMSF) and switching reluctance (SR) actuators using Finite Element Analysis

Pages 50-51
I. Yusri, M.M. Ghazaly, E.A. Alandoli, M.F. Rahmat, Z. Abdullah, M.A. Md Ali, R. Ranom
PDF (276 KB)

Abstract
This paper addresses the force optimization of a rotary motion type of electromagnetic actuator that compares two types of motor; i.e. the permanent magnet switching flux (PMSF) motor and the switching reluctance (SR) motor. The force optimization is accomplished by manipulating the actuator parameters using Finite Element Analysis (FEM). The best result was achieved by the permanent magnet switching flux (PMSF) actuator compared to the switching reluctance actuator (SR); i.e. 4.367 kN when the initial parameters are varied with the excitation current 2A.

   

26

Force optimizations of a tubular linear reluctance actuator (TLRA) and tubular linear permanent magnet actuator with Halbach array (TLPM).

Pages 52-53

A.H. Jamaludin, M.M. Ghazaly, T.A. Yahya, A.C. Amran, Z. Abdullah, M.A.M. Ali, N.M. Ali
PDF (443 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents a characterizing study of two novel electromagnetic actuators i.e. Tubular Linear Reluctance Actuator (TLRA) and Tubular Linear Permanent Magnet Actuator with Halbach array (TLPM). The study concentrated on the varying parameter i.e. the number of winding turns and the air gaps. The simulation of 3D FEM analysis is used to show the differences between two designs in force and the effects of parameters variations.

   

27

Development of a RFID inter-office document’s delivery system via mobile robot.

Pages 54-55

M.M. Ghazaly, K.Y. Soo, Z. Abdullah, M.R. Yaacob, C.C. Ho, C.Y. Ng
PDF (450 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents an efficient method of a mobile robot navigation system in an indoor environment. The mobile robot able to reduce heavy lifting and the repetitive tasks by workers. However, the navigation of robot in an indoor environment is a challenging task due to the requirement to avoid obstacle when in motion. Therefore in this paper, the design and develop of a mobile robot for an inter-office environment using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag is discussed. The motions of the mobile robot are validated using several the trajectory patterns. In addition, the mobile robot is able to avoid obstacles. .

   

28

Optimization using L9 Taguchi method toward threshold voltage of 18nm gate length SOI p-channel MOSFET.

Pages 56-57

M.N.I.A. Aziz, F. Salehuddin, A.S.M. Zain, K.E. Kaharuddin, A.R. Hanim, H. Hazura, S.K. Idris
PDF (170 KB)

Abstract
Silicon on insulator (SOI) technology is proven to effectively counter the short channel effect. In this paper, the characterization of 18nm Gate Length of SOI p-channel MOSFET has been studied according to the latest prediction of the International Technology Roadmap Semiconductor (ITRS). The optimization approach is mainly focused on the threshold voltage (VTH) of device through L9 Taguchi method. There are four process parameters were varied into three different levels in order to conduct nine set of experiments. At the end of the experiments, the best setting of the process parameters that have been predicted by Taguchi method were used for verification. The result shows VTH after optimization approaches is closer to the nominal value (-0.533V), which is well within the ITRS 2013 specifications.

   

29

Structural design and analysis of autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) for parts supply.

Pages 58-59
Mohd Suffian Ab Razak, Khairul Hazwan Mohd Rasit, Nur Rashid Mat Nuri, M.Z.A Rashid
PDF (606 KB)

Abstract
The world economic growth rapidly and becomes very competitive. AGV is introduced to support the supply system, however the initial investment is very high and it cannot convince a certain company to invest such amount of money for the system. In this project, the focus research is more on a low cost, lightweight AGV development. Lightweight design leads to less energy consume to carry its body. The purpose of this study is design an AGV that to be used in parts supply using polyboxes. The structural strength analyses are performed through computer aided engineering (CAE) simulation.

   

30

Design strategy for concept design of hybrid bio-composite automotive anti-roll bar using TRIZ.

Pages 60-61
M.T. Mastura, S.M. Sapuan, M.R. Mansor, A.A. Nuraini
PDF (541 KB)

Abstract
In this study, development of concept design of hybrid bio-composite automotive anti-roll bar (ARB) has been performed using TRIZ as its design strategy. Using Contradiction Matrix and 40 Inventive Principles, TRIZ suggested the concept design of the automotive ARB could consist of ribs for the reinforcement and multi diameter of ARB’s arms in order to reduce weight. The new design improved the stiffness by reduces the maximum displacement by 22.5%. Thus, TRIZ has suggested a new concept design that could satisfy the properties of the materials without affecting its functions and performance.

   

31

Development of a rotary axis mechanism for wire EDM turning (WEDT).

Pages 62-63
M. Akmal, R. Izamshah, M.S. Kasim, M. Hadzley, M. Amran, A. Ramli
PDF (336 KB)

Abstract
Wire electro discharge turning (WEDT) is a non- conventional machining process that takes advantage of electrical discharge machining (EDM) sparking phenomenon assisted by rotary axis. Incorporating the additional axis increase the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) capability for machining hardened and intricate cylindrical parts especially when conventional machining have failed to perform. This research emphasizes on the development of additional rotary axis mechanism in WEDT as well as evaluation for machining capabilities in blending of macro- micro feasible dimension and shapes.

   

32

Optimal PID sliding surface for sliding mode control based on particle swarm optimization algorithm for an electro-hydraulic actuator system.

Pages 64-65
C.C. Soon, R. Ghazali, H.I. Jaafar, S.Y.S Hussien
PDF (472 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents the assessment on the sliding mode control (SMC) integrated with proportional-integral-derivative (PID) sliding surface which is optimized through particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The control scheme is established from the derived dynamic equation which stability is proven through Lyapunov theorem. In the evaluation of PID sliding surface, conventional Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) tuning method has been utilized to obtain the controller parameters and compared with the optimized controller parameters through PSO algorithm which is employed to the electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA) system to evaluate its positioning tracking performances. From the obtained simulation results, it can be concluded that the PSO tuning algorithm outperform the conventional ZN tuning method.

   

33

Experimental analysis of 3D gantry crane system via optimal PID and PD controller by PSO.

Pages 66-68
S.Y.S. Hussien, R. Ghazali, H.I. Jaafar, C.C. Soon
PDF (559 KB)

Abstract
A 3D INTECO gantry crane system is used for lifting and moving loads horizontally, lowering and releasing the gripper to the original position. There are two main problems which occurred in the system which are positioning the desired position and minimize the payload oscillation. In order to overcome this problem, a controller is implemented. In this paper, a control strategy of PID and PD controller tuned by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is presented. PID controller is used to control the trolley movement to reach at the precise desired position and PD controller is used to control the undesired oscillation from the payload while moving the load. The results shown that through the experimental platform, the trolley reached the desired position with low payload oscillation.

   

34

Strength and porosity of additively manufactured PLA using a low cost 3D printing.

Pages 69-70
H.A. Habeeb, M.R. Alkahari, F.R. Ramli, R. Hasan, S. Maidin
PDF (437 KB)

Abstract
Nowadays, with rapid advancement in 3D printing, a relatively low cost 3D for polymer based printers using an open-source self-replicating prototype has increasingly been used in many applications. The printer variants can fabricate any complex parts. In this study, the tensile strength and porosity of PLA and its utilization in 3D printing for standard usage of low cost 3D printers using open-source has been investigated. It was found that, the parts printed from a low cost 3D printer produce relatively acceptable tensile strength and porosity as those from mid-range commercial manufacturer.

   

35

Body to ground improvement at trim and form machine in end-of-line process.

Pages 71-72
M.A. Nazan, F.R. Ramli, M.R. Alkahari, M.N. Sudin, M.A. Abdullah
PDF (477 KB)

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to minimize the warp deformation that usually occurs in plastic part produced by open source 3D printer. The process involved 3D solid modeling design, 3D printing with coated adhesive applied on the printing platform, warping deformation measurement and statistical analysis. The optimization processes involved Design on Experiment (DOE) technique where Responses Surface Methodology (RSM) by using Minitab software was applied. The experiment produced the minimum result of warping deformation value when layer temperature, infill density, first layer height and other layer height is 192°C, 13%, 0.20mm and 0.30mm respectively. 

   

36

Dimensional inspection of 3D laser scanner, coordinate measuring machine and image processing.

Pages 73-74
M.K. Sued, M.Z. Mohd Noh, M.F. Dimin
PDF (299 KB)

Abstract
Measurement can be conducted either using contact or non-contact methods. Production components can be small, soft and fragile. Therefore a non-contact method such as 3D laser scanner is preferred due to no contact force and not affecting production time. This makes the technology tempting and has been widespread used by industries due to reverse engineering capability. However, the accuracy of the measurement is dependent on the quality of the digitization. Therefore, this study is to report dimensional measurement comparison between 3D laser scanner with a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and image processing. The errors are calculated and the best measurement method is proposed. It is found that contact method using CMM produced the least error.

Theme 4: Energy Conversion and Management
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37

Studying air flow distribution in a tray dryer through CFD simulation.

Pages 75-76
S. Misha, S. Mat, M.H. Ruslan, E. Salleh, K. Sopian
PDF (307 KB)

Abstract
Application of tray dryer is widely used in agricultural drying because of its simple design and capability to dry products at high volume. However, the greatest drawback of the tray dryer is uneven drying because of poor airflow distribution in the drying chamber. Implementing the proper design of a tray dryer system may eliminate or reduce non-uniformity of drying and improves drying performance. This study investigates kenaf core drying uniformity in a tray dryer through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The result shows that, the higher the average air velocity above the product, the higher the drying rate. 

   

38

Evaluation of impact based energy harvesting using a piezoelectric ceramic disc.

Pages 77-78
Ali Mohammed abdal-Kadhim, Kok Swee Leong
PDF (267 KB)

Abstract
This paper reports an impact based energy harvesting using a piezoelectric ceramic disc, whereby a useful electrical power is generated via the impact of the human weight on the piezoelectric plate transducer. A prototyping of a single human step piezoelectric plate based impact harvester consisting of a piezoelectric transducer was tested on a hydraulic pressing machine with variable forces and impact velocity. In this experiment a piezoelectric ceramic disc with a size of pallet 44mm in diameter and 10mm in thickness was able to generate an average output power of up to 14.5μW across a resistive load of 500KΩ when a force of 0.75 kN of force with a velocity of 600mm/min is applied on it.

   

39

Performance analysis of portable power generator by using TEG module.

Pages 79-80
Siti Halma Johari, Mohd Faiz Che Pa, Khalil Azha Mohd Annuar, Suziana Ahmad, Madiha Zahari
PDF (356 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents the development of portable thermoelectric power generator by using heat as a main source. The aimed groups of this project are hikers and campers those need a portable power generator that can charge their small electronic gadgets while doing their activity. The generation of electricity is based on the Seebeck Effect of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) module. The developed power generator is consisting of TEG module, heatsink and boost converter. The hot side of the TEG module was mounted on an opposite of the heat source. Then, the heatsink is installed on the cold side of the module with a cooling fans to provide a forced air cooling. Boost converters are used to step up and constant the output voltage from TEG module. Result from the experiment shows that the power generator can produce constant output voltage of 5V and the handphone was successfully charged. This portable power generator can be an alternative power supply while the power source cannot be reached.

   

40

Peltier and seebeck efficacy of hot and cold air system for portable O-REF (oven & refrigerator) application.

Pages 81-82
M.H. Harun, K.A.M. Annuar, M.F.M.A. Halim, M.H.C. Hasan, M.S.M. Aras, M.F. Yaakub
PDF (327 KB)

Abstract
The main motivation in using Peltier Module is due to the uniqueness of producing hot and cold air at the same time besides able to generate electricity using Seebeck Effect. The generating system theoretically can recycle the heat loss to produce additional electricity for other usage. The efficacy of this system tested using two types of experimental using Peltier and Seebeck Effect. Both experimental is conducted using 3 specific volumes; 1) 1000cm3; 2) 4000cm3; and 3) 9000cm3. As a result, temperature for heating and cooling systems achieve around 14 – 56oC while the voltage generated around 12V in 50 minutes.

   

41

Potential co-processing of coconut shell and sugarcane residue as a solid biofuel.

Pages 83-84
Nona Merry M. Mitan, Mohd Nur Shafiq Ahmad Razimi
PDF (285 KB)

Abstract
This research reported co-processing of coconut shell and sugarcane residue as a solid biofuel by briquetting process. The aim of the current research is to determine the optimum ratio between coconut shell and sugarcane residue for briquetting. Various ratios of coconut shell to sugarcane are 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 by weight. The briquettes were formed into cylindrical shapes. The carbonization process took place at 370 ̊C. Proximate analysis, compressive test and theoretical heating value are observed on the produced briquette. The results indicated that C 1:5 briquette has the lowest moisture content and highest theoretical heating value.

   

42

Application of limestone as based catalyst in transesterification of rubber seed oil in biodiesel production.

Pages 85-86
M.M.Zamberi, I.A.K.M. Safari, N.H. Razak, F.N. Ani, M.F.B. Abdollah
PDF (404 KB)

Abstract
This paper investigates various approaches for automated inspection of gluing process using shape-based matching application. A new supervised defect detection approach to detect gap defect, bumper defect and bubble defect in gluing application is proposed. The creation of region of interest for important region of the object is further explained. The Correlation algorithm to determine better image processing result using template matching techniques is also proposed. This technique does not only reduce execution time, but also produce high accuracy in defect detection rate. The recognition efficiency will achieve more than 95% with defect’s data for further process.

   

43

Energy audit and analysis in UTeM: Library .

Pages 87-89

A.N. Nasaruddin, M.Z. Akop, M.A. Salim, M.R. Mansor, M.T. Musthafah, M. Adrinata
PDF (185 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents the study on auditing energy consumption at UTeM’s main library. By investigating the building energy profile such as analysing previous utilities bill, using instrument and calculation using major energy consumption equation such as cooling load equation and sub-meter reading. The detail on part to be audit will give a perspective for what and how the energy audit will be performed. At the end of this paper is the recommendation for energy conservation step that can be implemented based on suggestion by the Energy Commission policies and Malaysian Standard along with the visitation to the case studies site. The result shows that that the maximum power consumption per day is 2141.35 kWh and the minimum is 1912.28 kWh. .

   

44

Separate analysis of wind speed and direction for Mersing, Malaysia.

Pages 90-91

N. Sanusi, A. Zaharim, S. Mat 
PDF (425 KB)

Abstract
This research is conducted purposely to study the effect of wind speed and wind direction in generating wind power. Although the scope is extensive, but this paper will only discuss on the density probability distribution, numerical and graphical presentation of both. A Weibull and finite mixture model of von Mises distribution is used in this paper to represent data of Mersing (Malaysia). The suitability of the distributions was examined by the coefficient determination of R2. The analysis reveals that the selected models fit with the data. 

   

45

Study of breakdown behaviour of ester oil with suspended cellulose particles under direct current voltage.

Pages 92-93
M.H.S. Zainoddin, H. Zainuddin, A. Aman
PDF (184 KB)

Abstract
Nowadays, ester oil has become a potential replacement for mineral oil due to biodegradable and renewable factors.  Due to the increasing demand for High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) system to meet the energy requirement, further studies on the performance of ester oil under Direct Current (DC) electric field is sensible.  For an HVDC system, a phenomenon called dielectrophoresis (DEP) may occur if the oil-filled equipment such as the HVDC converter transformer is contaminated with suspended solid particles.  This paper investigates the breakdown behavior of ester oil with the presence of DEP phenomenon under non-uniform DC electric field.

   

46

Optimized guiding vane for propeller turbine.

Pages 94-95
J. Ab Razak, M. Musa, M.F. Abdul Razak
PDF (352 KB)

Abstract
Small scale hydro turbine is used for off-grid villages near the river. Pico hydro is usually selected for this purpose. One the efficiency criteria for this turbine is the velocity of water intake to the blade. The water enters the propeller turbine via the guide vane. Several parameters of the guide vane, which include number of guide vanes, and attack, inlet and outlet angles, are simulated in computer fluid dynamic (CFD) software. The optimized guide vane is further tested with varied flow rate. The simulation result shows a significant increase of water velocity intake to the blades.

   

47

A study on the potential of Peltier in generating electricity using heat loss at engine system.

Pages 96-97
N.M.H. Shalsam, M.H. Harun, M.S. Yahaya, K.A.M. Annuar, M.F.M.A. Halim, M.H.C. Hasan, M.F. Yaakub
PDF (314 KB)

Abstract
In the era of globalisation, the electrical energy usage is the main priority in order to do our job and daily activity. Unfortunately, limited power supply for the electrical energy usage makes it hard to continuously provide electrical energy for 24 hours. By using Peltier device, it is possible to develop a portable generating system using heat loss in machines and vehicles. The generating system theoretically can recycle the heat loss to produce additional electricity for other usage. Generally, the objective of the generating system is to study on the potential of Peltier device to generate useful electricity for additional power supply using heat loss. This generating system can be applied on many types of machines and other type of mechanism such as vehicle that release heat loss. Therefore, the result obtain in term of voltage can be generated by the generating system. As a result, this system has higher efficiency which 12.59% compared to 6% using proper heat sink using the same module.  

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48

Flexible piezoelectric micro-power generator based on P(VDF-TrFE).

Pages 98-99
Khoon Keat Chow, Swee Leong Kok, Kok-Tee Lau
PDF (565 KB)

Abstract
In this paper, we have successfully demonstrated the fabrication of poly(vinylidene fluoride) trifluoroethyleneP(VDF-TrFE) thick films on flexible substrate using rod mayer method. The flexible piezoelectric transducer was able to generate a maximum output power of 0.552µWat an external load of 1MΩ with a maximum peak voltage of 743mV when pinching between two fingers with a force of 5N.   

49

Effect of samarium concentration on the structural and electrical properties of (K, Na) NbO3 thin films.

Pages 100-101
Nurul Azuwa Azmi, Umar Al-Amani Azlan, Mohd Asyadi ‘Azam Mohd Abid, Mohd Warikh Abd Rashid, Maziati Akmal Mohd Hatta
PDF (345 KB)

Abstract
Potassium sodium niobate have been chosen as a new candidate to replace the usage of lead-based materials due to its excellent properties. However, volatilities of K and Na can affect the electrical properties. This problem can be minimized by adding a doping element into A-site ions which is Samarium. A simple sol-gel route was used to produce the thin films with different dopant concentrations. In this work, the structural and electrical properties were determined by using XRD and LCR meter, respectively. It was found that the structure of KNN had a tendency to change from orthorhombic to tetragonal phase, thus resulting in better electrical properties of the KNN thin films.  

50

Failure analysis of two serial holes bolted joint hybrid composite.

Pages 102-103
D. Sivakumar, N.S. Salmi, M.Z. Selamat, M.A. Daud, C.F. Tan
PDF (450 KB)

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of different geometry parameters to the behavior of bolted-joint hybrid composites. The hot compression method is used to fabricate the hybrid composite. The composites were fabricated with three layers of woven fibers which are two layers of woven glass fiber and a layer of woven kenaf fiber with polypropylene matrix making a composite panel. The nominal thickness of these composites is 3mm and the bearing test is done by using Universal Testing Machine. The test were conducted according to ASTM D5961. The results show the different geometry parameters affect the behavior of hybrid composites.

   

51

Failure analysis on hybrid fiber reinforced plastics for bolted joint under geometric parameters effect.

Pages 104-105
D. Sivakumar , R.M. Chew, M.Z. Selamat, M.A. Daud, C.F. Tan
PDF (396 KB)

Abstract
In this study, glass fiber and kenaf reinforced thermoplastic hybrid composite were fabricated using compression method. The composite is layout in sandwich structure. Woven glass fiber is sandwiched in between woven kenaf fiber   with polypropylene matrix. The nominal thickness of the composite is 3mm.  Bolted joint test was conducted according to ASTM D5961 using Universal testing machine. The results confirm geometric parameters affect the failure mode.

52

Thermoplastic matrix selection based on entropy method for importance weight of criteria.

Pages 106-107
N.M. Ishak, D. Sivakumar, M.R. Mansor
PDF (354 KB)

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the importance weight of criteria for thermoplastic matrix selection that need to be considered in fibre metal laminate fabrication for car front hood using entropy method, where the information implied using the linguistic terms. The results showed that the tensile strength, impact strength and density are the essential criteria that need to be considered.  

53

Surface durability of oil palm fiber/epoxy composite at various temperatures.

Pages 108-109
F.F. Shuhimi, M.F.B. Abdollah, M.A. Kalam, H.H. Masjuki, A. Mustafa, H. Amiruddin 
PDF (578 KB)

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to study the surface durability of Oil Palm Fiber/Epoxy (OPF/E) composite at different temperatures. The tribological test was carried out by using a pin-on-disc tribometer in dry sliding conditions. Surface durability was determined by the value of specific wear rate with respect to the temperature. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that 30 wt.% have high surface durability compared to 50 wt.% and 70 wt.% which can withstand at a maximum of 80oC before transition to severe wear occur.

   

54

Estimation of corrugated cardboard strength using tensile test.

Pages 110-111
N.B. Ab Wahab, Ainul Arafah, Y. Fukuzawa, S. Nagasawa
PDF (633 KB)

Abstract
The corrugated cardboard is widely used in manufacturing industries as a packaging, transportation material and number of other applications. However, the strength of the corrugated cardboard as a structure is not well understood. The objective of this study is to propose and estimate the strength of corrugated cardboard using tensile test. As a result, new practical tensile test considering the glue bonding strength was proposed and the factory of these test method was investigated.

55

Influence of size particles of SLS glass on properties of sintered SBE reinforced glass waste composite.

Pages 112-113
Z. Shamsudin, N. Salleh, Z. Mustafa, M.A.A. Bakar, R. Hasan 
PDF (495 KB)

Abstract
The properties of sintered glass waste composite was investigated with two varying size particles of glass waste (SLS) at different loading of spent bleach earth (SBE). The composites were exposed to single step heat treatments in order to produce glass-ceramics condition. This study is focused on physical testing to measure the physical properties combined with microstructural analysis of thev cross section surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ASTM C373-88 analysis was used to assess the variability in density, porosity and water absorption. The results showed that finer size particles in all composition contributed better in physical properties. These properties slightly decreased linearly with increasing SBE loading for both particles sizes and was significantly reduced in 40% of SBE. Microstructure analysis indicated that the present of pores within the glass waste composite was dominated by agglomeration.

56

Comparative study of polypropylene composites reinforced with pineapple leaf fiber from Josapine and Sarawak cultivar.

Pages 114-116
M.Z. Selamat, A.N. Kasim, M.A.M. Daud, M.Y. Yaakob, A. Putra, D. Sivakumar
PDF (311 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents the comparison of mechanical properties of two difference cultivar pineapple leaf fiber (PLF) (Josapine/PLFJ and Sarawak/PLFS) reinforced polypropylene (PP) (copopolymer/PPC and homopolymer/PPH) composite as a function of fiber loading. The samples of PLFJ/PPC and PLFS/PPH composites were fabricated with 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 wt.% PLF loading with 100 mm fiber length. The fabrication was made by compression molding techniques. The results revealed that composites utilizing PLFJ/PPC shows superior tensile properties as compared to the PLFS/PPH. However, there are no significant disparities observed in the density and hardness of both composites.

   

57

Failure analysis on domestic pipeline. 

Pages 117-118
N. Adzme, N.H. Razak, N.S. Muhammad
PDF (516 KB)

Abstract
Today, structural health monitoring is a major concern in the engineering community. Multisite fatigue damage, hidden cracks and corrosion in hard-to-reach locations are among the major flaws encountered in today’s extensive diagnosis. In this research, the understanding of non-destructive testing (NDT), thermographic analysis was applied to locate defect as complementary analysis towards the failure analysis of a defect pipe through SEM technique an analysis on specimen morphology and topography.   

58

Variations in diameter of struts for micro-lattice structure manufactured using selective laser melting. 

Pages 119-120
R. Hasan, R.A.W. Mines
PDF (578 KB)

Abstract
This paper highlights the dimension of diameter for titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V micro-lattice structure material with body-centered-cubic (BCC) struts’ arrangement, manufactured using additive layer technology, which is selective laser melting (SLM). Direct measurements and simple count analysis were done on the material. Variations in diameters were averaged and the value was compared to that obtained from other formulations. The result shows that there are variations in struts’ diameters of micro-lattice structure manufactured using SLM, which can affect the material’s performance under load bearing capacity. The finding can be useful to the developments of both micro-lattice structure and additive layer technology researches.

59

Tensile performance of palm oil fiber metal laminate.

Pages 121-122
F. Hussain, D. Sivakumar, M.A. Daud, M.Z. Selamat
PDF (212 KB)

Abstract
The effects of palm oil fiber loading on tensile behavior on polypropylene based Palm Oil Fiber Metal Laminate (POFML) was investigates. The testing was conducted on Universal Testing Machine according to ASTM D3039. This type of hybrid materials was fabricated by hand lay-up technique using 2/1configuration where the composite layer is located between two aluminum with 10wt%, 20wt%, and 30wt% and 40wt% fiber content. The results showed the tensile strength increased when fiber loading increase. However, POFML with 20% fiber loading showed a higher modulus of tensile property. The tensile behavior in this study mainly depends on fiber loading.   

   

60

The effect of fiber length on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf (PALF) fiber reinforced PLA biocomposites.

Pages 123-124
S.H. Sheikh Md. Fadzullah, Z. Mustafa, S.N.R. Ramli
PDF (409 KB)

Abstract
This research work investigates the effect of fiber length on the mechanical performance of the pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced poly lactic acid (PLA) biocomposites. Two types of composite systems are considered, these being the short (fiber length of 30 mm) and continuous long pineapple leaf fiber (fiber length greater than 100 mm) reinforced composites. The corresponding fabrication routes are melt-mixing and compression molding via film stacking, respectively. The test samples with nominal thickness of 3 mm were cut to size and subjected to flexural testing via three-point bending set-up, as per ASTM D790. As expected, the continuous long pineapple leaf fiber reinforced composites exhibit greater flexural strength and modulus, with flexural strength and modulus being 30% and 45% than those of the short fiber reinforced composites. These preliminary findings reveal the effect of fiber length on the overall performance of the composites studied.  

61

Kinetic study of boron diffusion in powder-pack boronizing.

Pages 125-126
N.H. Omar, R. Hasan, N.A.B. Masripan
PDF (708 KB)

Abstract
In this study, boronized properties of AISI 304 ball bearing was investigated using powder-pack boronizing method. The experiment was carried out in temperature range from 850 to 950 0C with durations 2 – 4 hours. Microstructure of boride layer revealed a smooth surface using SEM micrograph analysis. The thickness of boride layer varied from 17-140 µm while the hardness varied between 470-900 HV. The growth of kinetic rates were plotted using Arrhenius equation and the activation energy measured from the graphical calculation is 126 kJ/mol. From this study, a new knowledge on diffusion of boron atoms on spherical surface is established.

62

Characterization of nanocarbon particles using nitrogen adsorption analysis: Isotherm, pore type, pore size and BET surface area.

Pages 127-128
S. Zainal Abidin, I.S. Mohamad, A.Y. Bani Hashim, N. Abdullah, A. Abdullah
PDF (457 KB)

Abstract
In this research, the characterization of the porous material which is nanocarbon was investigated using nitrogen adsorption technique. The porosity existence of nanocarbon is analysed by using BET method. Then, the surface area is measured from diameter and depth of the existed pores. The BET surface area obtained shows that MWCNT-OH has the largest surface area due to high distribution of micropores and existence of non-porous pore in the sample.

   

63

Fabrication of polymer lattice structure using additive manufacturing for lightweight material.

Pages 129-130
R. Hasan, M.K. Baharudin, M.M. Nasarud’din, M.R. Alkahari
PDF (514 KB)

Abstract
This paper reports on the development of polymer lattice structure as lightweight material manufactured using additive manufacturing technology, which is 3D printer. Models of 3D body-centered-cubic (BCC) lattice structure were developed using SolidWorks software for several geometries that match with the capability of CubePro 3D printer. Polymer lattice structure block with dimension 20x20x20 mm3 has been successfully fabricated. The dimension of a unit cell for the lattice structure is within the range of 10-3 meter. The realization of the polymer lattice structure using the 3D printer can contribute to further research in lightweight material with high load-bearing capacity.    

   

64

Mechanical performance of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced poly lactic acid (PLA) biocomposites.

Pages 131-132
S.N.R. Ramli, S.H.S.M. Fadzullah, Z. Mustafa
PDF (471 KB)

Abstract
Poly lactic acid is a biopolymer that is easily processable and offers goods aesthetics.  Biocomposites is prepared by combining poly lactic acid and pineapple leaf fibres (PALF). The aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanical performance of the biocomposites when the fibers are surface treated with alkaline solution (NaOH) prior to fabrication. The fiber length and loading for the composites are 30 mm and 30 wt. %, respectively. The composites were fabricated using a melt mixing process via a ThermoHaake machine before compression molded to produce composite plates with nominal thickness of 3 mm. At preliminary stage, a flexural testing as per ASTMD790 was carried out. As expected, the alkaline-treated composites exhibit much greater flexural strength and modulus in comparison to those of the untreated samples.

   

65

The effect of coconut fiber towards impact characteristics.

Pages 133-134
A.R.B.A. Fizal, M.A. Shamsudin, M.I.H.C. Abdullah
PDF (358 KB)

Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the coconut fibre composition upon the energy and resilience characteristic. A series of four samples with composition of 15, 30, 45 and 60 vol.% of coconut fiber was prepared by mixing together with polyester resin and were tested using pendulum impact test machine. The energy and resilience were measured according to ASTM D-6110. The sample with 60 vol.% coconut fibre displayed the highest value of energy and resilience. This is due to the proper strength distribution by the fibre matrix. On top of that the coconut fibre itself behaved as a significant adhesion between the matrix and composite. As a conclusion, the higher composition of coconut fibre added to the composite resulted in better impact characteristic.  

   

66

Effect of sintering on the physical properties of porous β-TCP scaffolds.

Pages 135-136
N.F. Ishak, Z. Mustafa, R. Othman, S.H. Sheikh Md. Fadzullah, A.R. Mahamad Sahab
PDF (920 KB)

Abstract
This research work investigates the effect of sintering temperatures on the physical properties of porous beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds produced via a template method. A polyurethane (PU) foam was immersed in β-TCP slurry by using a roller infiltration method. The impregnated foam was subsequently sintered to 1400oC, 1450oC and 1500oC. The sintered scaffolds were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for evaluation of crystalline phases as well as pore and surface morphology. An increase in sintering temperature reveal an increase in crystallinity as well as the lessening of pores and voids in the struts of the scaffold as a result of progressive sintering.

   

67

Optimization of compression moulding parameters for multi filler polymer composite using Taguchi method.

Pages 137-138
N.A. Jamil, M.Z. Selamat, R. Hasan, J. Sahari, M.A.M. Daud, M.M. Tahir
PDF (298 KB)

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the compression moulding parameters on Graphite (G) / Carbon Black (CB) / Carbon Fiber (CF) / Polypropylene (PP) composites through Taguchi method. L9 Orthogonal Array with four factors and three levels has been choose as a DOE for composition of G/CB/CF/PP with weight percentage of 50/25/5/20. The electrical conductivity value was analysed through Taguchi Method using signal to noise (S/N) ratio to determine the optimum parameters. This result is important to fabricate the potential G/CB/CF/PP composites as conductive polymer composite (CPC), and also very useful for further application as bipolar plate (BP) for PEMFC.

   

68

Experimental investigation on empty aluminium honeycomb under quasi-static lateral compression.

Pages 139-140
A.J. Chuli, M.R. Said
PDF (339 KB)

Abstract
In the span of last decades, honeycomb structures gained more attention in the field of energy absorption. The honeycomb structures especially made of aluminium has been investigated experimentally, analytically and through simulation in order to study their behavior. In this paper, the honeycomb had undergone a lateral compression. It is found that the honeycomb compressed in x1 direction produced higher collapse load value, mean crushing value and energy absorption value compared to the honeycomb compressed in x2 direction. .

   

69

Study of wheel rim impact test using finite element analysis.

Pages 141-142
H.B. Zainuddin, M.B. Ali
PDF (592 KB)

Abstract
This study measures the impact energy absorbed experienced by the wheel rim under dynamic loading. Computational simulation is time saving, and in contrast the wheel impact experiments involve high cost including the manpower. Alloy wheel is widely used due to its excellent performance and appearance. Wheel rim is modelled using CATIA and imported to ABAQUS for further finite element analysis. Yield strength affects the energy absorbing capacity of a material. Aluminium 6061-T1 is found to have the greatest energy absorption value compared to the other materials.

   

70

Characterization of grayscale of the MRI Images for articular cartilage.

Pages 143-144
W.S. Yew, M.J. Abd. Latif, N.H. Mohd.Saad
PDF (169 KB)

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive potential imaging method to diagnose the cartilage disorder. Degeneration of the articular cartilage has been recognized as the main cause of osteoarthritis (OA). Normally OA refers to the end-stage which is already incurable. Therefore, in this study, a non-invasive method is develop to characterize the grayscale of the MRI images for articular cartilage. To test this, bovine’s humeral head cartilage samples (n=7) were selected as models. The primary findings from the results indicated that there was a significant difference in grayscale intensity of the MRI images on the articular cartilage. This could indicate that the composition in the articular cartilage could affect the grayscale of the articular cartilage. This results give a new perspective into the properties of the tissue.

   

71

Determination of dimple distribution for laser texturing process on cast iron surface.

Pages 145-146
N.A.M. Lazim, R. Hasan, S.E.M. Kamal
PDF (582 KB)

Abstract
The aim of this research is to determine the uniformity distribution of the micro dimples to be textured on cast iron surface by using laser surface texturing method. Distribution of dimples on the surface is important in reducing wear debris amount. Imaginary grid of dimple cell was calculated and certain distance between dimples was determined in order to be located on the surface of cast iron. A uniform dimple’s distribution was calculated on the sample surfaces before textured by laser treatment method.

   

72

The effect of PCB surface roughness on the reliability of the SAC405 lead free solder.

Pages 147-148
R.M. Dan, A.H.A. Hamid, J. Mclaren, N.I. Zulkafli, R.K. Mazlan
PDF (339 KB)

Abstract
The focus of this research is to investigate the surface roughness on the reliability of lead free SAC405 solder material. Surface roughness influences reliability where high reliability improves the bonds of the solder and the substrate. In this study, aluminium and copper substrate is used with 4 different types of surface roughness. Hardness testing is performed using nanoindenter on each of the substrate where the hardness is in increment with the surface roughness. It is discovered that the increase in surface roughness causes increase in wettability and formation of intermetallic compound thus increases the reliability of the solder.

   

73

Corrosion analysis of the cold work 316L stainless steel in simulated body fluids

Pages 149-150
W.M.F.W. Mohamad, M.Z. Selamat, B. Bundjali, M. Musa, H.M. Dom
PDF (458 KB)

Abstract
The present paper deals with the characteristic of the corrosion failure of the cold work 316L stainless steel in the simulated body fluids. The steel has been cold rolled within the range of 10 to 50% reduction in thickness. The corrosion test was done for 7 days at a temperature of 37oC by immersing the steel in a 0.9% NaCl and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. It was found that the steel with a higher cold reduction tend to increase the corrosion resistance of more than 50% in both simulated environment.

   

74

Effect of agitation mechanism on the anodization process of titanium dioxide nanotube arrays.

Pages 151-152
K.A. Khairul, S. Ismail
PDF (360 KB)

Abstract
Titanium dioxide, TiO2 nanotubes were fabricated by anodization process of pure titanium substrate in ethylene glycol containing fluoride. The anodization process has been conducted with 2 different agitation mechanisms which are magnetic stirring, and air bubble. The morphology and the structure of the as-anodized TiO2 was determined using field emission scanning electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy.

   

68

Experimental investigation on empty aluminium honeycomb under quasi-static lateral compression.

Pages 139-140
A.J. Chuli, M.R. Said
PDF (339 KB)

Abstract
In the span of last decades, honeycomb structures gained more attention in the field of energy absorption. The honeycomb structures especially made of aluminium has been investigated experimentally, analytically and through simulation in order to study their behavior. In this paper, the honeycomb had undergone a lateral compression. It is found that the honeycomb compressed in x1 direction produced higher collapse load value, mean crushing value and energy absorption value compared to the honeycomb compressed in x2 direction.

   

69

Study of wheel rim impact test using finite element analysis.

Pages 141-142
H.B. Zainuddin, M.B. Ali
PDF (750 KB)

Abstract
This study measures the impact energy absorbed experienced by the wheel rim under dynamic loading. Computational simulation is time saving, and in contrast the wheel impact experiments involve high cost including the manpower. Alloy wheel is widely used due to its excellent performance and appearance. Wheel rim is modelled using CATIA and imported to ABAQUS for further finite element analysis. Yield strength affects the energy absorbing capacity of a material. Aluminium 6061-T1 is found to have the greatest energy absorption value compared to the other materials.

   

70

Characterization of grayscale of the MRI Images for articular cartilage.

Pages 143-144
W.S. Yew, M.J. Abd. Latif, N.H. Mohd.Saad
PDF (169 KB)

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive potential imaging method to diagnose the cartilage disorder. Degeneration of the articular cartilage has been recognized as the main cause of osteoarthritis (OA). Normally OA refers to the end-stage which is already incurable. Therefore, in this study, a non-invasive method is develop to characterize the grayscale of the MRI images for articular cartilage. To test this, bovine’s humeral head cartilage samples (n=7) were selected as models. The primary findings from the results indicated that there was a significant difference in grayscale intensity of the MRI images on the articular cartilage. This could indicate that the composition in the articular cartilage could affect the grayscale of the articular cartilage. This results give a new perspective into the properties of the tissue.

   

71

Determination of dimple distribution for laser texturing process on cast iron surface.

Pages 145-146
N.A.M. Lazim, R. Hasan, S.E.M. Kamal
PDF (642 KB)

Abstract
The aim of this research is to determine the uniformity distribution of the micro dimples to be textured on cast iron surface by using laser surface texturing method. Distribution of dimples on the surface is important in reducing wear debris amount. Imaginary grid of dimple cell was calculated and certain distance between dimples was determined in order to be located on the surface of cast iron. A uniform dimple’s distribution was calculated on the sample surfaces before textured by laser treatment method.

   

72

The effect of PCB surface roughness on the reliability of the SAC405 lead free solder.

Pages 147-148
R.M. Dan, A.H.A. Hamid, J. Mclaren, N.I. Zulkafli, R.K. Mazlan
PDF (339 KB)

Abstract
The focus of this research is to investigate the surface roughness on the reliability of lead free SAC405 solder material. Surface roughness influences reliability where high reliability improves the bonds of the solder and the substrate. In this study, aluminium and copper substrate is used with 4 different types of surface roughness. Hardness testing is performed using nanoindenter on each of the substrate where the hardness is in increment with the surface roughness. It is discovered that the increase in surface roughness causes increase in wettability and formation of intermetallic compound thus increases the reliability of the solder.

   

73

Corrosion analysis of the cold work 316L stainless steel in simulated body fluids.

Pages 149-150
W.M.F.W. Mohamad, M.Z. Selamat, B. Bundjali, M. Musa, H.M. Dom
PDF (458 KB)

Abstract
The present paper deals with the characteristic of the corrosion failure of the cold work 316L stainless steel in the simulated body fluids. The steel has been cold rolled within the range of 10 to 50% reduction in thickness. The corrosion test was done for 7 days at a temperature of 37oC by immersing the steel in a 0.9% NaCl and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. It was found that the steel with a higher cold reduction tend to increase the corrosion resistance of more than 50% in both simulated environment.

   

74

Effect of agitation mechanism on the anodization process of titanium dioxide nanotube arrays.

Pages 151-152
K.A. Khairul, S. Ismail
PDF (360 KB)

Abstract
Titanium dioxide, TiO2 nanotubes were fabricated by anodization process of pure titanium substrate in ethylene glycol containing fluoride. The anodization process has been conducted with 2 different agitation mechanisms which are magnetic stirring, and air bubble. The morphology and the structure of the as-anodized TiO2 was determined using field emission scanning electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy.

   

75

Experimental investigation of buckling behavior of cracked cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression.

Pages 153-154
O. Ifayefunmi, Norehan Kasiman, Hazrin Ibrahim Khan
PDF (187 KB)

Abstract
The aim of this experimental research work is to investigate the effect of axial crack length on the buckling behavior of cracked cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression loading. The crack on the cylindrical structures is assumed to be a percentage of the axial length of the cylindrical shell structure. The magnitude of the crack length-to-cylinder axial length is varied between 0.05 and 0.15. Cylindrical specimens are made from mild steel with radius-to-thickness ratio, ranging from 25 to 100. The axial length of the specimens was assumed to be constant. Results indicate that the crack length strongly affect the buckling behavior of the axially compressed cylinder. Also, it was revealed that the buckling load of the cylindrical specimens with high value of radius-to-thickness ratio is more sensitive to the effect of change in crack as compared to cylinder with low value of radius-to-thickness ratio. 

   

76

The influence of boundary condition on the deformed shape of axially compressed cones.

Pages 155-156
O. Ifayefunmi, K.L. Chang
PDF (362 KB)

Abstract
The aim of this research work is to investigate the influence of boundary condition on the buckling load and deformed shape of axially compressed cone. Two boundary conditions are considered, they are: (i) fully clamped at the bottom and allowed to move in the axial direction at the top ends, and (ii) allow all displacement movement except axial direction at the bottom and restrict all movement at the top except axial direction. Cones were relatively thick with nominal wall thickness of 2 mm and the semi-vertex angle, b is 15°, hence their buckling behavior remains within the elastic-plastic range. The geometry of radius of bigger radius, r2, to radius of smaller radius, r1, (r2/r1 = 1.75), and the ratio of radius-to-thickness (r2/t) was taken as 35. Results indicate that the change of boundary condition has a strong influence on both the buckling load and the deformed shape.

   

77

Effect of polypropylene type on G/CB/CNTs/PP composites properties as bipolar plate for PEM fuel cell.

Pages 157-158
A. Bairan, M.Z. Selamat, S.N. Sahadan, S.D. Malingam, N. Mohamad
PDF (144 KB)

Abstract
Investigation of the conductive polymer composites (CPCs) have been carried out using Graphite (G), Carbon Black (CB), Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Polypropylene (PP) as a binder. While, two types of PP which are medium density (MD-PP) and low density (LD-PP) were mixed with multi filler by using a ball mill. The comparison of PP with respect to the resulting electrical conductivity and mechanical properties were investigated. Results indicate that CNTs was dispersed better in MD-PP than LD-PP would cause better electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of G/CB/CNTs/PP composite bipolar plate which are exceeded of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requirement.

   

78

Effect of molding temperature on properties of graphite/stannum/polypropylene composites.

Pages 159-160
F. Masron, M.Z. Selamat, M.M. Tahir, M.A.M. Daud, J. Sahari
PDF (315 KB)

Abstract
The great efforts have been made over the past decades in developing the advance PEMFC technology especially for bipolar plate sector. Unfortunately, factors such as durability and cost of bipolar still remain as the major barrier to commercialization of high efficiency Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell. In this study, Graphite/Stannum/Polypropylene composite has been fabricated by compression molding process with several different temperatures (170 to 1800 C), several weight percentage of  Stannum (10 to 20 wt%) and have be tested with several mechanical and electrical tests. The result shows that the temperature of 175 0C with 15 wt% of Stannum give the best properties.

   

79

Analysis of impact duration from Charpy impact signal.

Pages 161-162
N.B. Muhammad Said, M.B. Ali
PDF (552 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents the reviews on impact duration from impact signal due to Charpy test. Charpy impact test is conducted at different material with different thickness but at the same of striker velocity. Impact signal is obtained from strain gauge that has been installed to striker and connected to high frequency data acquisition system. The signal is then analyzed by using software of SoMat eDaQ to identify the time period during impact occurs on materials before fractured. The impact duration from experiment is correlated and compared to the theory or previous study.  The result from experiment indicates that Aluminium 6061-T6 has higher impact duration compared to Carbon steel 1050 and it was increased with thickness.

   

80

Cure characteristics and tensile properties of natural rubber vulcanizates modified by tapioca starch.

Pages 163-164
M. Mazliah, N. Mohamad, A.R. Jeefferie, A.M. Hairul Effendy
PDF (431 KB)

Abstract
This study focusing on cure characteristics as well as tensile properties of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates modified with tapioca starch as biodegradability agent. The samples were prepared by melt compounding via a Haake internal mixer. The tapioca starch was varied from 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 phr in the formulation. Increasing tapioca starch loading was observed to accelerate the curing process meanwhile increases the crosslinks density which depicted by MH-ML value. Furthermore, the additional of tapioca starch up to 20 phr increased the elongation of break of the vulcanizate.

   

81

A preliminary study of greyscale intensity and deposited electrospun fibres using image analysis technique .

Pages 165-166
F.C. Long, A.H. Nurfaizey, M.A.M. Daud
PDF (305 KB)

Abstract
The amount of deposited electrospun fibres is difficult to measure due to their extremely small size and mass. In this study, a new method using image analysis technique to predict the amount of deposited fibres is proposed. It is hypothesized that the amount of deposited fibres can be predicted by measuring the greyscale intensity of a sample. Samples were produced and scanned to 8-bit greyscale images and ImageJ software was used to analyze the samples. Preliminary results showed that the greyscale intensities has the potential to be used for measuring the amount of deposited electrospun fibres.

Theme 6: Thermal and Fluids
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82

Effect of load on friction and wear of banana peel as an additive.

Pages 167-168
J. Basiron, N.A.B. Masripan, M.F.B. Abdollah, A.H. Husna
PDF (207 KB)

Abstract
Banana peel is a natural additive which can be used as an additive in the engine oil that can be promotes as a sustainable material development via the usage of renewable resource. In this paper, the preliminary study on the friction and wear of banana peel was mixed into paraffin oil carried out using four ball tester at different load and temperature. Ultrasonic homogenizer was used to mix the banana peel in paraffin oil. Wear scar diameter was measured using inverted microscope. As a yield, the addition of banana peel into paraffin oil has reduced the friction but also increases the wear at different load and temperature.    

83

Friction and wear characteristic of different natural oil-based lubricants with carbon nanotubes as additive.

Pages 169-170
K.F. Yong, B.T. Tee, M.F.B. Abdollah, I.S. Mohamad, C.T. Chong
PDF (251 KB)

Abstract
The advantages of natural oil-based lubricant are sustainability and eco-friendly. It is important to study their tribology properties as alternative mineral oils as lubricant.  This work investigates the prospects of natural oil-based lubricant for automotive applications in contrast to the available conventional lubricant. The experiment is conducted to obtain the friction and wear characteristics by using four-ball tester set-up. The natural oil-based lubricants involved in this study are refined glycerin and oleic methyl ester with CNT as additive. The results of friction and wear scar diameter for both types of lubricant were shown and compared in this work. From the experiment, refined glycerin with 1% CNT is found to have better friction reduction compared with refined glycerin.  

84

Effect of duration time of homogenization and sonication on stability of MWCNT-OH in ethylene glycol and deionized water.

Pages 171-172
A. Abdullah, I.S. Mohamad, A.Y. Bani Hashim, N. Abdullah, S. Zainal Abidin
PDF (300 KB)

Abstract
The limitation of thermal properties in the conventional fluid like ethylene glycol and deionized water can be improved by adding carbon nanotube (CNT) in the solution. However, the dispersion and stability of nanofluid is still a major concerned since CNT is hydrophobic. In this research, functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT-OH) were used to formulate a nanofluid with additional of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as dispersing agent and ethylene glycol and deionized water as base fluid. In order to inspect the optimum duration time for ultrasonic homogenizing process which can lead the nanofluid to achieved highest stability,  the mixture were inspected at five series of time (1, 3, 5, 10 and 15) minutes. The results show at one minute of synthetisation process of nanofluid already give the stability of t nanofluid.

   

85

Thermal conductivity enhancement of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube and carbon nanofiber based nano-coolant.

Pages 173-174
N.S.N. Abdul Manap, S.S. Mohd Yunus, I.S. Mohamad, M.H. Mohd Husin
PDF (324 KB)

Abstract
Small size and ability to govern high thermal conductivity are the main factor why nanoparticles based coolant has becoming preferable coolant. On this paper, two types of nanocarbon particles were used as a basic material in deionized water named functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube based nano-coolant (NC1) and carbon nanofiber based nano-coolant (NC2). The weight ratio of the nanocarbon particles is 0.1 wt%, 0.2wt% and 0.3wt% being mixed with deionized water and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Next, thermal conductivity of NC1, NC2 and standard deionized water (as a reference) was investigated at temperature ranging from 6°C to 40°C. The results show that the thermal conductivity value of NC1 and NC2 are slightly higher than the standard deionized water and increased against the increment of temperature. It also revealed that NC2 with 0.3wt% of CNF at temperature 40°C gives the highest thermal conductivity with a value of 0.661 W/m.K.

86

Comparison for humidity absorption using various silica gel in experimental chamber.

Pages 175-176
A.A.M. Damanhuri, Q.F. Zahmani, A. Ibrahim, S.N. Mokhtar, S.N. Sulaiman, M.R.A. Majid
PDF (288 KB)

Abstract
Air conditioning are used to absorb humidity. Improper humidity control could affect mold and bacteria growth inside the building. This experiment compare 4 types of desiccant silica which white/ non indicating silica gel, blue indicating silica gel, orange indicating silica gel and calcium chloride. Two sealed experimental chamber (0.125m3) were used which connected by pipeline. Silica gel are located inside the connection pipelines and result comparison were measured on how effective these silica gel to absorb and reduce humid air by using humidity sensor. Calcium chloride significantly shows the most effective silica gel in absorption of humidity compare to other three types. However, at certain saturated content, solid silica gel of calcium chloride will transform to liquid form. Further investigation are needed to study effectiveness of silica gel for application in real environment either in cases of performance and safety consideration.

87

Preparation and characterization of form-stabilized paraffin/polycaprolactone (PCL) composites as phase change materials.

Pages 177-178
M.S. Aludin, S. Saidatul Akmal, Y. Rosiyah
PDF (173 KB)

Abstract
Paraffinic Phase Change Materials (PCM) possess desirable properties to make it suitable for thermal energy storage applications. However, paraffin has been reported to leak out during the melting process. In this study, composites were prepared by dissolving paraffin and polycaprolactone (PCL) at varied mass compositions in chloroform and then purified through precipitation techniques. The leakage test was conducted by placing the composite samples on a set of four-layer filter papers and left in a furnace at 90°C for 1 hour. By incorporating PCL into paraffin phase, the leakage percentage was drastically reduced. The PCL polymer matrix in the composites may have trapped the paraffin molecules during melting process thus prevent it from leaking.

   

88

Investigation of surface breakdown on various solid insulation immersed in ester and mineral oils under ac stress.

Pages 179-180
H. Zainuddin, S.N. Norhan, N.A. Othman
PDF (322 KB)

Abstract
Liquid-solid interface is common in high voltage (HV) insulation system. Creepage discharge is a phenomenon that usually occurs along the liquid-solid interface that may cause damage to the surface of solid insulation. This paper presents the effect of various types of solid insulation immersed in liquid insulation on the surface breakdown under AC voltage. In this study, surface discharge experiments were conducted on Eproxy Resin G10, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and Bakelite immersed in Palm Fatty Acid Ester Oil (PFAE) and Mineral oil. Needle-bar method was chosen for the electrode configuration. The results suggest that permittivity mismatch between liquid and solid insulation is an influential factors in creepage discharge among similar materials with different density.

89

Turbulence kinetic energy analysis of a single cylinder engine.

Pages 181-182
A.M.T. Khairil, M.T. Musthafah, M.A. Salim, M.R. Mansor, M.Z. Akop, A.M. Saad, A.M. Mohd Shafei
PDF (282 KB)

Abstract
In the paper show the study of time dependent and turbulence flow inside a cylinder of an alternative engine through the simulation investigation of the distribution of the turbulence kinetic energy in whole chamber. This investigation is carried out during at intake valve. CFD is used to predict the flow behavior in the single cylinder engine. Turbulence model of the inlet air in cylinder has bigger effect into the performance of the engine. Therefore, contours of Turbulence Kinetic Energy are presented to support results. From the results, it is found that the lower valve lifts had better turbulence kinetic energy value. 

90

Friction curve analysis of steel lubricated with jatropha oil.

Pages 183-184
A.M.H.S. Lubis, M.B. Sudin, B. Ariwahjoedi
PDF (212 KB)

Abstract
Sliding friction has played a role in many mechanical components such as engines, clutch & brakes, bearings etc.Metal-to-metal contact in sliding motion could results in friction and wear to the metal surfaces. In order to avoid high friction, lubricants are commonly applied to the contacting surface. Although still need to be explored, explanation related to friction process via friction curve is seems to be forgotten. Analysis on the friction curve over the sliding time or sliding distance is important to understand any events during sliding friction. This work is subjected to analyze friction curve of steel lubricated with jatropha oil obtained from four ball-test and propose a sliding friction mechanism under this condition. The friction curve was obtained by four ball testing method under ASTM 4172 method. It is concluded that several friction transition taken place during the sliding friction can be related to the process occurs between the contact asperities.

   

91

Simulation on comparison of pressure medium in hydraulic hybrid system. 

Pages 185-187
Saiful Akmal Sabaruddin, Ahmad Anas Yusof, Mohd Noor Asril Saadun
PDF (515 KB)

Abstract
Natural concerns of fire and safety in hydraulic system promote the uses of water-based hydraulic hybrid system. The main focus of this paper is to simulate the potential of using water hydraulic technology in hydraulic hybrid systems. The research will include an extensive study on the mathematical modeling and simulation by using Matlab/Simulink to determine the feasibility of water compared to oil SAE-30.    

Theme 7: ​Vibration and Control
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92

An experimental study on relation of nonlinearity and transduction coefficient of an electromagnetic energy harvester. 

Pages 188-189
P.S. Low, R. Ramlan, N.S. Muhammad
PDF (458 KB)

Abstract
This paper brings about the study of relationship between the degree of nonlinearity and transduction coefficient of an electromagnetic energy harvesting device. The device that exhibit softening nonlinear characteristic is used to perform dynamic test and the transduction coefficient, K  across the resonance frequency range is obtained through the relationship of K=Vv  where V  is the voltage generated per unit of relative velocity, v . Experimental results show that the performance of the transduction coefficient increases as the degree of nonlinearity increases.    

93

Simulation study of high-rise structure model on earthquake movement.

Pages 190-191
M.N. Mustaffa Kamal, M.A. Salim, A. Md Saad, M.R. Mansor, M.Z. Akop, M.T. Musthafah, I.R.A. Rosszainily
PDF (317 KB)

Abstract
This paper represents a simulation study of high-rise structure model by exerting horizontal vibration. Three-level of high-rise structure is chosen by referring to Ranau earthquake in 2015. Three analyses were conducted namely stress analysis, strain analysis, and displacement analysis. These analyses were selected as important criteria of horizontal vibration effect on the structure, and finally illustrates the structural behavior of the model. Maximum concentrated stress, maximum strain, and extreme displacement have been recorded. Finally, the conclusion was made, in which all the important criteria were positively proportional to the amount of horizontal vibration energy.    

   

94

Enhancement on acoustical performance of reed 'Imperata Cylindrica'.

Pages 192-193
F.A. Khair, A. Putra, M.J.M. Nor, M.Z. Selamat
PDF (395 KB)

Abstract
Common established work on finding the alternative sound absorbing materials are mostly focused on fibrous type of acoustic absorber. Here, the hollow structure of natural reed is utilized as non-fibrous acoustic absorber. This paper study on the acoustic performance of reed when covered with fabric. The sound absorption coefficient is measured using impedance tube method. Result shows that covering sample with fabric enhanced the absorption coefficient above 0.9 for both small and large diameter of length 2 cm and 3 cm.  

95

A simulation study on the modal analysis of perforated plates.

Pages 194-195
A.Y. Ismail, A. Ahmad
PDF (403 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive modal analysis study of perforated plates with micro and macro size holes as one of the most important aspects in engineering vibration point of view. The Finite Element Method (FEM) in SolidWorks environment is employed to simulate the phenomena and visually present the results. It is found that the presence of holes apparently shifts the natural frequency gradually towards the lower value. As the holes size increases, the natural frequency is proportionally reduced.

96

Nonlinear behavior of a plate with an arbitrarily orientated crack.

Pages 196-197
R. Ismail, M.P. Cartmell, N.S.R. Apandi
PDF (436 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents a nonlinear analysis for a thin isotropic plate containing an arbitrarily orientated surface crack. The governing equation of motion of the plate model with enhanced crack modelling and subjected to transverse harmonic excitation is proposed to represent the vibrational response of the plate and is based on classical plate theory into which a developed crack model has been assimilated. An approximate solution method based on the perturbation method of multiple scales is applied and the nonlinear behavior of the cracked plate model is investigated from the amplitude-frequency equation. It is found that the nonlinear characteristics of the cracked plate structure can be greatly affected by the orientation of the crack in the plate.

   

97

Practical controller for positioning control of X-Y ballscrew mechanism.

Pages 198-199
W.K. Hee, S.H. Chong, J.E. Foo, A. Che Amran
PDF (265 KB)

Abstract
This paper describes the evaluation of a practical controller performance for point-to-point positioning motion using a X-Y ballscrew mechanism. The proposed controller is Continuous Motion Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following (CM NCTF) controller which is easy to design and having a simple control structure. The performance of the CM NCTF controller is compared with the PI-D controller, which have similar control structure. The experimental result proved that the CM NCTF controller has better positioning performance in point-to-point motion.     

   

98

Radiation efficiency of single beam-stiffened plate. 

Pages 200-201
K.H. Lim, A. Putra, R. Ramlan
PDF (468 KB)

Abstract
Beam-stiffened method had been used widely in controlling noise problem. However the effect of this technique has not been fully studied and may cause undesired results. This paper studies how different point forces location affect the sound radiation efficiency from beam-stiffened plate. Hybrid mathematical model which comprised of a semi-analytical model and FE model is used to conduct this study. Radiation efficiency by 8 points force location and average radiation efficiency over 8 points force location from single beam-stiffened plate are presented. Besides, range of radiation efficiency variation using 10 and 90 percentile is also presented.   

99

Natural coir fiber and kenaf fiber as multilayer sound absorber.

Pages 202-203
Z.Y. Lim, A. Putra, M.J.M. Nor, M.Y. Yaakob
PDF (555 KB)

Abstract
This paper studies the sound absorption performance of multi-layered natural fibers, particularly coir fiber and kenaf fiber. The effect brought by different layer arrangement these porous materials are studied and it is found that under the same thickness, the low frequency sound absorption is enhanced when kenaf fiber is layered as the first layer to receive the incidence sound. With kenaf fiber layered at the second layer, better absorption performance is seen at high frequency.

   

100

Positioning control of ball screw mechanism with disturbance observer.

Pages 204-205
J. E. Foo, S.H. Chong, W.K. Hee, S.L. Loh
PDF (612 KB)

Abstract
In this paper, a disturbance observer with PD controller (PDDO) is proposed to improve the positioning performance of the ball screw mechanism that is subjected to nonlinearities. The tracking performance of the PDDO controller is examined and compared with a PID controller experimentally. The PDDO controller displays better tracking performance than the PID controller.  

101

PID control of vertical pneumatic artificial muscle system.

Pages 206-207
M.H. Tan, S.H. Chong, T.F. Tang, A.Z. Shukor
PDF (603 KB)

Abstract
Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) overcome the other common actuators as it has higher power-to-weight ratio. However, the air compressibility and lack of damping ability of PAM brings dynamic delay to the pressure response and causes oscillatory motion to occur. It is not easy to realize the motion with high accuracy and high speed due to all the non-linear characteristics of pneumatic system. A PID control using Ziegler Nichols method for a PAM system in vertical axis to control the tracking motion of the PAM is proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is demonstrated through experiments.

102

Identification of noise in room due to HVAC system.

Pages 208-209
Y.M. Cheah, , A. Putra, R. Ramlan, N. Muhammad
PDF (482 KB)

Abstract
This paper presents noise measurement and noise mapping for two lecture rooms. The results reveal that the background noise level of the empty lecture rooms has exceeded the recommended limit by ANSI 12.2-2008, i.e. above 35 dB(A) due to excessive noise radiated from the structure-borne source coming from the VAV system above the ceiling. Two lecture rooms at the Kampus Teknologi in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka were used as the case study.

   

103

Dynamic analysis of laminated rubber-metal spring using finite element method.

Pages 210-211
S. Norfarizan, A. Putra, M.A. Salim, R. Ramlan
PDF (262 KB)

Abstract
Laminated rubber-metal spring (LRMS) is widely applied in buildings, vehicles and to protect sensitive equipments. In this study, the dynamic performance of such isolator was analyzed. The dynamic analysis was carried out using finite element method. Five models of rubber based isolators with different number of interlayer metal plates was analyzed using Abaqus 6.10 software. Transmissibility ratio was determined from the displacement changes of isolators. The results show the rubber bearing with embedded metal plate layers can improve the transmissibility ratio at high frequency.     

104

Experimental investigation of surface roughness using ultrasonic assisted machining of hardened steel

Pages 212-213
R. Azlan, R. Izamshah, M. Hadzley, M.S. Kasim, M. Arfauz, M. Akmal
PDF (472 KB)

Abstract
Machining of hardened mould and die material is a very challenging process due to the high strength of the materials. Rough machined surface and premature tool wear are some of the issues that are related when machining with this material. On the other hand, ultrasonic assisted machining (UAM) technique has proven to improve the machined surface and tool life especially for brittle materials such as glass and quartz. Based on the capabilities of UAM technique and to overcome the problem owned by a conventional milling method, this paper evaluate the UAM technique for machining hardened AISI D2 material with the aim to improve the machined surface. Experiments of ultrasonic assisted milling were conducted to investigate the surface roughness of machines surface during slot milling cutting operation. From the conducted investigation, surface roughness values was improved from 0.60 mm (non ultrasonic) to 0.26 mm (ultrasonic) at 37 m/min (cutting speed), 65 mm/min (feed rate) and 0.4 mm (depth of cut). The results from the macroscopic observation shows that the machine surface of slot milling cutting by UAM appeared to be very smooth with consistent scaly and structured.

   

105

Mathematical modeling on sound absorption of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers.

Pages 214-215
K.H. Or, A. Putra, M.Z. Selamat
PDF (226 KB)

Abstract
Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) fibers is an agricultural waste which is available in abundance quantity in Malaysia. This paper discusses the analytical approach used to estimate the sound absorption curve of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) fibers. Experimental measurement is done by using impedance tube testing to obtain the sound absorption coefficient. The results from the experimental works are validated by comparing with Delany-Bazley model. It is found that the Delany-Bazley model can be used to predict the sound absorption coefficient of OPEFB fibers.     

 

 

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